God's Purpose for the Gentiles in the Old Testament


“In the beginning, God.”  That is where history, horror, hope, everything known of the past, experienced in the present and hoped for the future was birthed.  Genesis 1 records that darkness and nothingness and timelessness were pierced by the Word of God in an instant, and that after seven days, all things were made that have been made [John 1:3], and God looked at it “and behold, it was very good” [Genesis 1:31].  This is the God who revealed His character to Moses in Exodus 34, saying, “The Lord, the Lord, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness, keeping steadfast love for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgressions and sin, but who will by no means clear the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers on the children and the children’s children, to the third and the fourth generation [vs. 6-7].”  These words are repeated throughout Scripture [see Numbers 14:18, Psalm 86:5, Joel 2:13, especially], and God’s dealings with mankind prove them true: He is holy, He is unchangeable, He is gracious and merciful, and He does not tolerate sin.

Man was originally in perfect fellowship with the Maker.  He was not God, but he was made in the image of God [Genesis 1:26] and “unashamed” before God [2:25].  This incredible harmony was shattered by man’s choice to disobey God.  Adam and Eve desired a fruit and a false promise of wisdom from the Serpent over the command and blessing of the Almighty.  Because of one man’s sin, sin consumed all mankind [Romans 5:19], corrupting not just his actions, but his very nature [Genesis 8:21, Psalm 51:4-5]. 

From the animal slain to cover man’s nakedness in the Garden [Genesis 3:21], to the Tabernacle established for sacrifices of atonement for the people of Israel [Exodus-Deuteronomy], to the Lamb who was slain for the sin of the world [John 1:29], the gulf between God’s holiness and man’s sinfulness and the need for interposition and atonement is emphasized Bible-wide.  Man’s situation is universal iniquity and universal guilt, and all men are universally deserving of the wrath of God.  Man cannot fix the problem because, as David Platt wrote, “No one who is morally evil can choose good, no man who is a slave can set himself free, no woman who is blind can give herself sight, no one who is an object of wrath can appease that wrath, and no person who is dead can cause himself to come to life [Platt, pg. 31].”  The eternal character of God and the enslaved sinfulness of man cannot be reconciled except by the eternal purpose of God to do just that.  He did not wipe out man.  He promised redemption for him.  God gave a glimpse of reconciliation in Genesis 3:15 (the protevangelium) where a Savior is foreshadowed.  William Hendriksen, in his Survey of the Bible, writes of this passage, “Over against Satan viewed as an individual - ‘you shall bruise his heel’ – stands the one, definite person; namely, the coming Redeemer, ‘the Seed of the woman’ [pg. 86]”; He is the One Who will finally crush the head of Satan and destroy the power of sin over His people.  We see this “eternal purpose” of hope from the very beginning.  It is clearly stated in Ephesians 3 that this purpose includes God’s wisdom and glory being made known to all rulers and authorities in the heavenly places and His redemption being preached beyond Israel among the Gentiles [vs.8-12].  Terry, Smith and Anderson write in Missiology that “God’s missionary concern was from the beginning a part of His divine nature [pg. 51]” and creation.  The God abounding in love and forgiveness on Mount Sinai had purposed to display His grace and goodness through the Gospel from the very beginning.  The record of the Old Testament is centered on that God and the promise of His coming [Luke 24:44-45].  Louis Berkhof writes of God’s creation and purpose in general, that God did not create “the world primarily to receive glory from His creatures in adoration and praise, but especially to manifest His glory [emphasis added, pg. 98]” and attributes.  This is specially seen in His dealings with the Israelites.

God’s relationship with His chosen people, Israel, is on the front row of the Old Testament, and it is an example of His relationship with all those who would believe in Him, for, even as He called Abraham and his descendants to be the chosen people of God, He promised that all the families of the earth would be blessed through them [Genesis 12:3].  First, God communicated and covenanted with His people.  Throughout the Old Testament, and specifically the Pentateuch, He laid down laws for His people to follow and they covenanted to follow them.  He promised blessing to those who were obedient and cursing to those who were disobedient [see Deuteronomy 30].  His first commandment was this: “You shall have no other gods before me [Exodus 20:3] and “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul and with all your might [Deuteronomy 6:5].”  The uniqueness of God choosing a people, preserving a people, drawing those people out of slavery, triumphantly taking them into a Promised Land, not forsaking those people and forgiving those people is highlighted even as those events unfolded.  It is asked in Deuteronomy 4:33-40, “Did any [other] people ever hear the voice of a god speaking out of the midst of the fire, as you have heard, and still live?  Or has any god ever attempted to go and take a nation for Himself from the midst of another nation, by trials, by signs, by wonders, and by war, by a mighty hand and an outstretched arm, and by great deed of terror, all of which the Lord your God did for you in Egypt before your eyes?  To you it was shown, that you might know that the Lord is God; there is no other besides Him…Therefore you shall keep His statutes and His commandments, which I command you today…”  The center of the commands in the Old Testament, the Hero of the stories of the Old Testament, the hope in the trials of the Old Testament, the Voice that spoke to the prophets of the Old Testament, and the One who slew the enemies of Israel in the Old Testament was all the same: God.  Second, this God who communicated and covenanted with His people, used them to showcase His glory to the whole world.   He repeatedly showed grace to them, and repeatedly said that He is doing it for the glory of His Name.  Thus, when Jesus prayed “hallowed be Thy Name [Matthew 6:9]” His heart was beating with the purpose of God from the dawn of time, John Piper points out in Let the Nations Be Glad! [Piper, pg. 35].   God does not forsake His people because of “His great Name’s sake [1 Samuel 12:22]” (also see Exodus 33).  He said of the Exodus, “I acted for the sake of My Name, that it should not be profaned in the sight of the nations among whom they lived, in whose sight I made Myself known to them in bringing them out of the land of Egypt [Ezekiel 20:9].”  He enabled a shepherd boy to slay a giant warlord “that all the earth may know that there is a God in Israel [1 Samuel 17:46]”.   He caused King Solomon to pray that “all the peoples of the earth may know your name and fear you, as do your people Israel [1 Kings 8:43].”   Even when sinning, judged and scattered among the nations, God used His people to spread the His law and Name far and wide.  In Babylon, where He rescued three Hebrew boys from the fire, He caused the king to proclaim, “Blessed be the God of Shadrach, Meshach and Abednego…for there is no other god who is able to rescue in this way [3:28-30].”  In Isaiah 42:8, speaking to His rebellious people, He said, “I am the Lord; that is My name; My glory I give to no other, nor My praise to carved idols.”  The Psalms are replete with declarations of God’s innate glory and sovereignty and His purpose to gain glory through His dealings with His people.  Hezekiah prays that Israel’s enemies would be turned back “that all the kingdoms of the earth may know that You alone are God [Isaiah 37:20].”  God says that Cyrus will be used in His hand “that people may know, from the rising of the sun and from the west, that there is none besides Me; I am the Lord, and there is no other [Isaiah 45:6].”  His relationship with Israel was a platform to invite the nations into relationship with Him as well.  Psalm 67:1-2 beautifully states, “May God be gracious to us and bless us and make His face to shine upon us, that Your way may be known on earth, Your saving power among all nations.”  The Old Testament shows that “Israel was blessed in order to be a blessing among the nations [Piper, pg. 188]”; they were a platform for the advance of His Name and fame.  Third, the covenant God of Israel repeatedly promised a Messiah to them who would be the Savior of all men.  Throughout the Old Testament, the history and preservation of the line of David, which is the line of Christ, is emphasized.  The coming redemption through the line of David is ever foreshadowed (especially in Noah’s flood [Genesis 6-9], God’s provision of a ram for Abraham and Isaac [Genesis 22], and the Passover [Exodus 12]); however, the minor and major prophets seem to zone in on the coming hope of reconciliation, heart change and new life.  They emphasize purity of heart over religious ritual.  They declare that promised hope is near.  They urge the people to look to the promise.  God makes clear that the point of redemption is the glory of His Name in Ezekiel 36: “It is not for your sake, O house of Israel, that I am about to act, but for the sake of My holy Name, which you have profaned among the nations to which you came…and the nations will know that I am the Lord [vs. 22-23].”  The “new heart” mentioned in verse 26 is the result of the sacrifice of Christ, who was able to put a hand on sinful man and holy God and reconcile the two [Job 9:33] by bearing God’s wrath against men and bearing the guilt of man’s sin against God [see Isaiah 53].  “Break forth together into singing, you waste places of Jerusalem, for the Lord has comforted His people; He has redeemed Jerusalem.  The Lord has bared His holy arm before the eyes of all the nations, and all the ends of the earth shall see the salvation of our God [Isaiah 52:9-10].”  Immediately, the redemption of the Israel emerges as the hope for all the world, and the longing of God’s chosen people becomes the longing of His children everywhere: “The time is coming to gather all nations and tongues.  And they shall come and shall see My glory...And they shall declare My glory among the nations, and they shall bring all your brothers from all the nations as an offering to the Lord [Isaiah 66:18-20].”  His salvation reaches to the end of the earth [Isaiah 49:6].  This “mystery hidden for ages and generations” was most clearly revealed in the New Testament where “God chose to make known how great among the Gentiles are the riches of the glory of this mystery, which is Christ in you, the hope of glory [Colossians 1:26-27, also see Matthew 28:18-20]”, but that full revelation was just under the surface even left of Malachi.

The Gentiles have no covenant claim on God, but have been included in God’s eternal purpose of salvation from the beginning because God is gracious, and because God is worthy of all glory from all people.  Israel was chosen “for the sake of the other peoples [Terry, pg. 54]”; they were “the firstfruits [Romans 11:16]” so that this expansion of grace would be seen for what it is: amazing.  While natural revelation reveals enough of God to leave all men guilty and condemned before Him [Job 38-41, Romans 1:20], even special revelation is not confined to Israel alone.  Before Paul saw that vision of the “unclean called clean” and witnessed the Spirit fall on Gentiles in Caesarea [Acts 10], foreigners were invited to hear the Word of God [Deuteronomy 31:12] along with the Israelites, a Moabite woman was welcomed into the people of Israel [Ruth] and a Canaanite woman of Jericho declared, “Your God, He is God in the heavens above and on the earth beneath [Joshua 2:11]”.  The queen of Sheba heard of Solomon’s splendor and God’s blessing and came to see, declaring, “Blessed be the Lord your God…[2 Chronicles 9:8]” and Naaman, the commander of the army of the king of Syria, was healed of his leprosy and declared, “Behold, I know that there is no God in all the earth but in Israel… [2 Kings 5:15]”.  God was declaring His glory among the nations before the Great Commission was given [Psalm 96:3].  He was doing this because “the most passionate heart for the glorification of God is God’s heart [Piper, pg. 7],” and He knows what man lives his life to grasp: there is no limit to the glory He is worthy of.  This is seen everywhere in Scripture, but especially at the beginning and end of it.

The central theme of all Scripture is God.  The only hope for Jew or Gentile is God.  One could spend all day strategizing how to get the Gospel to Gentiles the depths of the jungle, or proving that atonement is limited, or discussing what it means to be “grafted in [Romans 11]” and “a children of the promise [Romans 98, Galatians 4:31, Hebrews 11:8-16]”, or expounding the Great Commission and “everything God has commanded [Matthew 28:18-20]”, or praising Jesus Christ for becoming sin for us [2 Corinthians 5:21], busting the curtain that separates man from God [Matthew 27:51], conquering the grave and reigning victorious over Satan [Revelation 17:14], but all of this only matters because God eternally purposed to create, redeem, purify and bring home a people for His own possession [Titus 2:14].  In the beginning, there was God, with “no unmet need in Himself [Platt, pg. 64]”.  At the end, there will be God, surrounded by “a great multitude that no one could count, from every nation, tribe, people and language...[crying] out in a loud voice, ‘Salvation belongs to our God, who sits on the throne, and to the Lamb [Revelation 7:9-12].’”  Nate Saint wrote, “If God would grant us the vision, the word ‘sacrifice’ would disappear from our lips and thoughts; we would hate the things that seen now to dear to us; our lives would suddenly be too short, we would despise time-robbing distractions and charge the enemy with all our energies in the name of Christ [Hitt, pg. 272].”  He was killed just weeks later in an attempt to reach the Ecuadorian Auca tribe with the Gospel.  “God blesses His people with extravagant grace so that they might extend His extravagant glory to all peoples on the earth [pg. 69],” Platt writes.  This pleases Him [1 Peter 2:9].  This is His purpose in the world as the Founder and Perfecter of faith [Hebrews 12:2].  And if we read the Old Testament and miss God - the revelation of His goodness in every act and command, the expansion of His promise from Israel to all peoples, and the purpose for His own glory in every tribe and tongue for all eternity – then  we’ve missed what is really there.


Works Cited
The Holy Bible: English Standard Version (ESV).  Wheaton, Illinois: Crossway, 2001.
Berkhof, Louis.  Manual of Christian Doctrine.  Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1933.
Hendriksen, William.  Survey of the Bible.  Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1976.
Hitt, Russell.  Jungle Pilot: The Gripping Story of the Life and Witness of Nate Saint, Martyred Missionary to Ecuador.  Grand Rapids: Discovery House, 1997.
John Mark Terry, Ebbie Smith, and Justice Anderson.  Missiology: An Introduction to the Foundations, History and Strategies of World Missions.  Nashville: Broadman & Holman Publishers, 1998.
Piper, John.  Let the Nations Be Glad: The Supremacy of God in Missions.  Grand Rapids: Baker Books, 1993. 
Platt, David.  Radical: Taking Back Your Faith From the American Dream.  New York: Multnomah, 2010.


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